In Erikson's theory, a toddler who frequently shouts 'NO!' would be described as developing...

• A. Trust in caregiver
• B. Initiative
• C. Shame
• D. Developing autonomy

Answer: (D)

During the toddler years, Erikson emphasizes autonomy—the growing ability to act independently and make choices. When a child frequently shouts “NO!”, this is a clear sign of testing boundaries and asserting personal will, which reflects developing autonomy in the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage (roughly ages 1–3). This stage centers on gaining self-control and a sense of mastery over one’s actions and environment. Normal, supported pushing of limits helps the child build confidence in their own abilities; if independence is met with harsh punishment or overcontrol, the child may develop shame and doubt about what they can do.

Trust in the caregiver derives from an earlier stage focused on basic needs and reliability of care. Initiative relates to the next stage, when children begin planning and initiating activities, typically in the preschool years. Shame is a potential negative outcome if autonomy is stifled, but the behavior described aligns with autonomously developing independence.