Which Erikson psychosocial stage corresponds to ages 2-3 years in early childhood?

• A. Trust vs. Mistrust
• B. Autonomy vs. Shame
• C. Initiative vs. Guilt
• D. Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer: (B)

Independence and self-control during the toddler years is what this item focuses on. In Erikson's framework, the stage for roughly ages 1 to 3 centers on autonomy versus shame and doubt. Toddlers want to do things themselves—eat, dress, choose activities, and explore their environment. When caregivers provide safe opportunities for self-help and offer encouragement rather than criticism, the child develops a sense of autonomy and confidence in their abilities. If care is overly controlling or punishing, the child may feel shame about trying and doubt their own capabilities. This is why autonomy versus shame is the best fit for 2–3-year-olds. For context, trust versus mistrust is tied to infancy when forming basic trust, initiative versus guilt belongs to the preschool years when children start initiating activities, and industry versus inferiority occurs in the early school years when children strive to master skills and compare themselves with peers.